Analysis of the density and distribution of entropy in biomedical infrared imaging for Diabetes Mellitus Type II.

We report a methodology to analyze data extracted from infrared images. These pictures show the lower limbs of a cohort of individuals belonging to, (1) voluntary controls and (2) patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type II. The analysis is presented in terms of Cross Entropy and temperature distributions; both using the associated thermal histograms. The temperature analysis is placed in terms of comparing the extreme values ofdS/dQ, for controls and patients. In this analysis for the frontal view, the values of specificity and sensitivity calculated were 77.77% and 91.66%, respectively. For the back view, the specificity and sensitivity obtained were 88.8% and 83.3%, respectively. Instead of that, the cross-entropy analysis is placed in the modality of self-referencing. In this part of the study we obtained the coefficient of asymmetry and thermal response (ATR). The values of specificity and sensitivity for the ATR quotient in both cases were 83.3%. The results of both studies have a significant correlation with glucose (p< 0.01) and HbA1c (p< 0.01). It means that both approaches have statistical correspondence. By means of the Mann-Whitney U test, for independent samples, we get that the characteristic parameters we analyze can be differentiated among the populations of interest with a significance ofp< 0.05. This suggests that both studies show consistency with the clinical diagnosis; exhibiting clear differences between control and patient groups.

Occurrence of Transferable Integrons and sul and dfr Genes Among Sulfonamide-and/or Trimethoprim-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Chilean Salmonid Farms.

Salmon farming industry in Chile currently uses a significant quantity of antimicrobials to control bacterial pathologies. The main aims of this study were to investigate the presence of transferable sulfonamide- and trimethoprim-resistance genes, sul and dfr, and their association with integrons among bacteria associated to Chilean salmon farming. For this purpose, 91 Gram-negative strains resistant to sulfisoxazole and/or trimethoprim recovered from various sources of seven Chilean salmonid farms and mainly identified as belonging to the Pseudomonas genus (81.0%) were studied. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance of strains showed a high incidence of resistance to florfenicol (98.9%), erythromycin (95.6%), furazolidone (90.1%) and amoxicillin (98.0%), whereas strains exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) values of sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim of >4,096 and >2,048 µg mL-1, respectively. Strains were studied for their carriage of these genes by polymerase chain reaction, using specific primers, and 28 strains (30.8%) were found to carry at least one type of sul gene, mainly associated to a class 1 integron (17 strains), and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as mainly belonging to the Pseudomonas genus (21 strains). Of these, 22 strains carried the sul1 gene, 3 strains carried the sul2 gene, and 3 strains carried both the sul1 and sul2 genes. Among these, 19 strains also carried the class 1 integron-integrase gene intI1, whereas the dfrA1, dfrA12 and dfrA14 genes were detected, mostly not inserted in the class 1 integron. Otherwise, the sul3 and intI2 genes were not found. In addition, the capability to transfer by conjugation these resistance determinants was evaluated in 22 selected strains, and sul and dfr genes were successfully transferred by 10 assayed strains, mainly mediated by a 10 kb plasmid, with a frequency of transfer of 1.4 × 10-5 to 8.4 × 10-3 transconjugant per recipient cell, and exhibiting a co-transference of resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline, currently the most used in Chilean salmon industry, suggesting an antibacterial co-selection phenomenon. This is the first report of the characterization and transferability of integrons as well as sul and dfr genes among bacteria associated to Chilean salmon farms, evidencing a relevant role of this environment as a reservoir of these genes.